基于微分平坦理论的双有源桥式变换器的单移相控制

针对双有源桥式(Dual Active Bridge,DAB)变换器系统受到扰动时动态响应速度慢,基于微分平坦理论,结合单移相控制,提出了一种平坦控制策略。设计DAB变换器平坦控制系统,包括前馈控制和非线性误差反馈控制两部分:前馈控制利用期望输出来规划状态变量轨迹;非线性误差反馈对平坦输出进行校正,消除误差。证明了平坦控制的稳定性,最后在仿真平台上分别对DAB变换器平坦控制和PI控制进行仿真,结果表明:在DAB变换器输出电压给定值改变、输入电压波动以及负载突变时,平坦控制策略下DAB系统可以更快达到输出稳定,系统具有更好的动态性能。     

Investigation on eddy current pulsed thermography to detect hidden cracks on corroded metal surface

This paper explores the feasibility of eddy current pulsed thermography (ECPT) to detect hidden cracks on corroded metal surface without removing the corrosion layer. The detection mechanisms are analyzed by using electromagnetic and heat conduction theories. Experiments are conducted on a metallic bar with three hidden cracks and the validity of ECPT is verified with the analysis of IR images and thermal responses. In order to further improve the detection sensitivity of ECPT, the principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to enhance the features of hidden cracks in the raw IR images by eliminating the effects of uneven corrosion and non-uniform heating. It is found that ECPT combined with PCA provides a convenient and effective way to detect hidden cracks on corroded metal surface.     

Tuning the viscosity of halogen free bulk heterojunction inks for inkjet printed organic solar cells

For the solution processing of organic photovoltaics on an industrial scale, the exclusion of halogenated solvents is a necessity. However, the limited solubility of most semiconducting polymer/fullerene blends in non-halogenated solvents results in ink formulations with low viscosities which poses limitations to the use of roll-to-roll compatible deposition processes, such as inkjet printing. We propose to add polystyrene as a rheological modifier to increase the viscosity of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) non-halogenated inks. The printing and performance of P3HT/PCBM photoactive layer inks are characterized as a function of polystyrene concentration and three different molecular weights. Addition of 1 wt% polystyrene provided a near two-fold gain in viscosity, with the largest viscosity gains coming from the polymer with the highest molecular weight. However, this coincided with greater viscoelastic behavior, which reduced the jetting performance of the inks. Differences in solvent compatibility of the polystyrene/P3HT/PCBM ternary blend resulted in phase separation upon layer drying, whereby polystyrene segregated to the layer-air interface to form an isolated domain or network like topology. Nevertheless, a 1.7-fold increase in dynamic viscosity was obtained for devices with printed BHJ layers containing polystyrene at the expense of a 20% reduction in OPV performance. The improved viscosity and good printing behavior achieved with small additions of polystyrene demonstrates its potential to overcome the limited viscosity resulting from typical non-halogenated ink formulations for semiconducting polymers. These results offer a step forward to the industrialization of inkjet printing as an effective deposition technique for functional layers of organic electronics.     

An improved decomposition-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm with a better balance of convergence and diversity

In decomposition-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs), a good balance between convergence and diversity is very important to the performance of an algorithm. However, only the aggregation functions enough to achieve a good balance, especially in high-dimensional objective space. So we considered using the value of related acute angle between a solution and a direction vector as an other consider index. This idea is implemented to enhance the famous decomposition-based algorithm, i.e., MOEA/D. The enhanced algorithm is compared to its predecessor and other state-of-the-art algorithms on a several well-known test suites. Our experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than its predecessor in keeping a better balance between the convergence and diversity, and also as effective as other state-of-the-art algorithms.     

Design of an Ultra-low Power Wireless Temperature Sensor Based on Backscattering Mechanism

In this paper, we propose a passive wireless temperature sensor for long-term and long-range application. A novel architecture of the wireless temperature sensor is proposed based on backscattering mechanism of RFID technology for ultra-low power application. The temperature sensor adopts phase-locked loop-based architecture and can achieve the temperature-digital conversion in frequency domain without any external clock signal. The rectifier employs a gate-boosting scheme to improve the power conversion efficiency. The measurement results show that the proposed wireless temperature sensor obtains a high linearity with a resolution of 0.3 °C/LSB. The measured minimum power dissipation is 2.7 µW, resulting in a maximum operating distance of 34 m under 4 W radiation power.     

一种提高系统稳定性的改进谐振控制器

通过分析输入与输出信号的频域关系,推导了一种改进谐振控制器,该控制器与传统控制器具有不同的形式,通过频域分析可以得到,改进谐振控制器与传统谐振控制器有着相同的作用,在谐振频率处具有较高的增益,能够实现对交流信号的无静差跟踪,而且改进谐振控制器在谐振频率处具有较大的相位裕度,有利于增强系统稳定性。采用电压电流双环控制,控制器采用改进谐振控制器,通过分析不同负载下系统开环传递函数,说明了改进谐振控制器的控制效果,最后通过仿真实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

三电平LLC谐振变换器关断损耗的优化设计

开关管关断损耗是三电平LLC谐振变换器高频工况下的主要损耗,是一个与谐振电感L_r、谐振电容C_r、励磁电感L_m以及电压增益Gv密切关联的变量。首先用时域分析法,建立了开关管关断电流I_(off)与电感比k、归一化频率f_n和品质因数Q之间的解析函数;并结合开关管关断过程特点,建立了关断损耗P_(sw-off)与[k,f_n,Q]之间的解析函数。然后构建出[I_(off),k,f_n,Q]和[P_(sw-off),k,f_n,Q]2个四维图形,分析参数之间的规律。在此基础上,推导了在电压增益的需求和开关管零电压导通的实现2个约束条件下来优化P_(sw-off)的[k,f_n,Q]参数取值空间,进而采用粒子群优化算法求解关断损耗优化下的[k,f_n,Q]值。最后设计了一个200 V输入、130 V输出、负载电阻48.4Ω、额定功率350 W的实验样机,并对比分析了所提方法与降低谐振电流有效值来减少导通损耗的传统优化方法分别在满载与半载条件下的关断损耗,证明了所提优化方法在降低开关管关断损耗、提高变换器效率方面效果明显。     

Investigating the relationship between adverse events and infrastructure development in an active war theater using soft computing techniques

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between adverse events and infrastructure development investments in an active war theater by using soft computing techniques including fuzzy inference systems (FIS), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) where the accuracy of the predictions is directly beneficial from an economic and humanistic point of view. Fourteen developmental and economic improvement projects were selected as independent variables. A total of four outputs reflecting the adverse events in terms of the number of people killed, wounded or hijacked, and the total number of adverse events has been estimated.The results obtained from analysis and testing demonstrate that ANN, FIS, and ANFIS are useful modeling techniques for predicting the number of adverse events based on historical development or economic project data. When the model accuracy was calculated based on the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for each of the models, ANN had better predictive accuracy than FIS and ANFIS models, as demonstrated by experimental results. For the purpose of allocating resources and developing regions, the results can be summarized by examining the relationship between adverse events and infrastructure development in an active war theater, with emphasis on predicting the occurrence of events. We conclude that the importance of infrastructure development projects varied based on the specific regions and time period.     

Containment control for second-order multi-agent systems with time-varying delays

This paper considers the containment control problem for second-order multi-agent systems with time-varying delays. Both the containment control problem with multiple stationary leaders and the problem with multiple dynamic leaders are investigated. Sufficient conditions on the communication digraph, the feedback gains, and the allowed upper bound of the delays to ensure containment control are given. In the case that the leaders are stationary, the Lyapunov–Razumikhin function method is used. In the case that the leaders are dynamic, the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional method and the linear matrix inequality (LMI) method are jointly used. A novel discretized Lyapunov functional method is introduced to utilize the upper bound of the derivative of the delays no matter how large it is, which leads to a better result on the allowed upper bound of the delays to ensure containment control. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained theoretical results.     

Cyclic subspace regression with analysis of wavelength-selection criteria

Common methods of building linear calibration models are principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), and least squares (LS). Recently, the method of cyclic subspace regression (CSR) has been presented and shown to provide PCR, PLS, LS and other related intermediate regressions with one algorithm. When forming a linear model with spectral data for quantitative analysis, prediction results can be adversely affected by responses that do not conform well to the linear model proposed. Wavelength selection can be used to eliminate wavelengths where such problem responses occur. It has recently been reported that CSR regression vectors can be formed by summing weighted eigenvectors where weights are determined from the hat matrix, singular values, and eigenvectors characterizing the sample space. Investigation of these weights shows that wavelength selection based on loading vectors can be misleading. Specifically, by using CSR it is shown that a small weight for an eigenvector can annihilate a large peak in a loading vector. In this study, correlograms are used with CSR regression vectors and eigenvector weights as wavelength-selection criteria. It is demonstrated that even though a model generated by LS for a wavelength subset produces substantially reduced prediction errors relative to PCR and PLS, CSR weight plots show that the LS model overfits and should not be used. Simulated situations containing spectral regions with excess noise or nonlinear responses are examined to study the effectiveness of wavelength selection based on the previously listed criteria. Near infrared spectra of gasoline samples with several known properties are also studied.